Parathyroid glands are small organs located in the neck. When functioning normally, these organs release parathyroid hormone, which is important for maintaining balanced levels of calcium and phosphate in the blood. Healthy levels of these minerals help with many important bodily functions.
Hyperparathyroidism is a condition that happens when the parathyroid gland(s) produces too much of its hormone. While it may occur randomly, heritable genes can also cause the disorder in some people.
Taylor Brown, MD, a Washington University endocrine surgeon—nationally recognized for his expertise in providing leading-edge treatments for endocrine conditions, including thyroid and parathyroid maladies—discusses the signs of hyperparathyroidism and how the condition can be treated.
Forms of the disorder
There are two main forms of this parathyroid disorder:
- Primary hyperparathyroidism is the most common form of parathyroid disorder. This form of the disorder can be identified by elevated levels of blood-calcium, known as hypercalcemia, and is a result of overproduction of parathyroid hormone. Overproduction of parathyroid hormone typically related to a non-cancerous growth, enlargement, and very rarely a cancerous tumor. Untreated, this form of the disorder can lead to the loss of bone strength and other health problems. A sign of advanced hyperparathyroidism is osteoporosis, fractures, and kidney stones. The hyperparathyroidism can also cause “brain fog” and patients note difficulty with memory, energy, and concentration.
- Secondary hyperparathyroidism occurs when parathyroid hormone overproduction is caused by another condition. Conditions such as calcium deficiency and vitamin D deficiency may result in parathyroid hormone overproduction. Chronic kidney disease is another potential cause of parathyroid hormone overproduction, as the kidneys are key in the conversion of vitamin D to its active form.
Who is at risk?
Dr. Brown notes that hyperparathyroidism is most common in women during and after menopause, but the disease can also affect younger adults and males. A primary care provider may detect hypercalcemia, but a definitive diagnosis will only be reached by referral to an endocrinologist or an endocrine surgeon, and treatment may require surgery.
What are some symptoms to look out for?
Some of the more obvious symptoms of parathyroid hormone imbalance are fatigue and forgetfulness. Bone pain, cramping, and kidney stones are also among symptoms of advanced cases of hyperparathyroidism. If concerned, schedule an appointment with your care provider. A simple blood test, which a care provider can order, will reveal any imbalance, and help diagnose hyperparathyroidism.
At WashU we perform hundreds of parathyroid operations each year. We strive to provide compassionate, individualized care.
Dr. Brown
What does intervention look like?
A care provider or endocrinologist may recommend regular checkups if your calcium levels are lower and more manageable. However, if your parathyroid gland is producing too much parathyroid hormone or blood-calcium level is too high, surgical intervention may be necessary. In such a case, an endocrine surgeon will be consulted to make plans for the best treatment option.
To request an appointment with a Washington University endocrine surgeon, please call 314-362-2280.